Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for real-time visualization of bacterial persistence during root canal treatment

PpIX-FL enables reagent-free, real-time visualization of bacterial contamination within the root canal system. FARCT should be regarded as an adjunctive visualization approach rather than a stand-alone diagnostic or therapeutic modality. The present findings demonstrate the clinical feasibility of PpIX-based autofluorescence for fluorescence-guided visualization in endodontic retreatment and anatomically complex cases.