The relationship between physical activity, working memory, and mathematics achievement on the basis of socioeconomic status: the mediating role of physical fitness level

Although causal relationships cannot be inferred due to the cross-sectional design, the findings suggest that regular engagement in physical activity and the development of physical fitness may contribute to improved cognitive functioning and academic performance during adolescence. Interventions aimed at enhancing physical fitness and promoting equitable access to physical activity opportunities may support both cognitive and educational outcomes.