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This article examines trends in the development of Russia’s agri-food exports amid intensifying global economic and technological challenges. The study focuses on long-term structural changes within key export product groups and assesses the role of technological factors in shaping diversification processes in the agri-food sector. Using an analysis of export diversification within competitive product categories of the Russian agri-food complex, the study identifies both general and group-specific trends in the depth and intensity of diversification. The results reveal a growing specialization of Russian exports in grain crops. Between 2001 and 2019, the share of wheat and meslin in total grain exports increased from 53.01% to 80.78%, indicating a consolidation of comparative advantages in this segment. An analysis of structural break coefficients shows that grain exports are characterized by relatively minor structural changes, reflecting stability in the export structure. At the same time, technological innovations have contributed to diversification in downstream industries. In particular, the introduction of innovative technologies enabled the expansion of exports in the flour-milling industry. Russia began exporting wheat gluten in 2006, and by 2019 its share within this product group had reached 16.04%. The most intensive restructuring of flour and cereal product exports occurred between 2010 and 2014. The study also highlights the increasing integration of Russian meat and meat product producers into global food markets. Over the study period, the range of exported meat products expanded substantially, and structural change coefficients indicate that export diversification progressed most rapidly in this group. Overall, the adoption of innovative technologies in the agri-food complex has fostered the emergence of new industries and products, reshaping export structures, reducing risks, and enhancing the competitiveness of Russian agricultural producers in global food markets.