Targeted delivery of protective substances using nano-sized carriers in ischemic-reperfusion kidney injury

Acute ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the primary cause of acute kidney injury. Experimental studies have shown that the severity of IRI in renal tissue can be reduced through various pharmacological interventions. However, these data have not been successfully transferred into clinical practice, partly due to the suboptimal pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs, their low bioavailability, and the occurrence of side effects with systemic administration. To address these issues, systems for the targeted delivery of drugs to the kidneys during IRI using nanoscale carriers have been developed in recent years. Binding to nanoparticles enables preferential accumulation of the active substance in the kidneys, followed by controlled release. For active targeted drug delivery to the kidneys during IRI, platforms containing specific guiding ligands and groups sensitive to local environmental conditions are being used. Most studies related to the development of targeted drug delivery systems for kidney tissue focus on antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Improving targeted delivery systems is linked to actively targeting damaged kidney tissue, including using bio-like coatings on drug nanoparticles based on blood cell membranes.