A Scoping Review of Pharmacist‐Based Interprofessional Interventions for Management of Cardiovascular‐Kidney‐Metabolic Conditions

ABSTRACT Background Co‐existence of multiple cardiovascular‐kidney‐metabolic (CKM) conditions, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease, is common. The interconnected nature of CKM conditions emphasizes the need for an interprofessional approach to patient care. As the prevalence of people with CKM conditions continues to rise in the United States and the burden on the health care system increases, clinical pharmacists are well‐positioned to provide support within interprofessional teams and improve patient access to care through delivery of education, assessments and monitoring, and optimal initiation and maintenance of guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT). Methods This scoping review explored interprofessional team‐based interventions that incorporated pharmacists into the management of CKM conditions in the U.S. Searches were conducted in Embase and MEDLINE for relevant studies published in English between January 1, 2015 and February 14, 2025, in a patient population with > 5% of patients with both CKD and one or more cardiovascular or metabolic conditions. Outcomes investigated included estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, glycated hemoglobin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as patient and physician satisfaction with pharmacist interventions. Results A total of 28 studies met the eligibility criteria, including 18 randomized clinical trials, 4 pilot studies, and 6 observational studies. Effective interventions generally included longitudinal follow‐up with multiple pharmacist visits over time, comprehensive pharmacist involvement including patient assessment, monitoring, and medication management, and direct deployment of pharmacist‐led interventions through collaborative practice agreements. Conclusions This scoping review demonstrates an integral and direct role for pharmacists in improving outcomes for patients with CKM conditions in interprofessional settings. However, there is a need for more robust studies that investigate cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic outcomes in these patients.