Integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis reveals multiorgan toxicity of 1-nitropyrene and the limited efficacy of ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 in rats

Overall, chronic 1-NP exposure causes widespread metabolic injury driven by combined effects on host metabolism, immune regulation, hepatic function, and gut microbial ecology. These findings highlight 1-NP as a potent environmental metabolic disruptor and underscore the need for further mechanistic studies to inform mitigation strategies.