Venlafaxine and the Cardiovascular System: A Review of Hemodynamic Changes, Arrhythmia Risk, and Drug Interactions

Background. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide and often coexists with cardiovascular diseases, posing significant clinical challenges. Venlafaxine is widely used to treat depression. Because of its mechanism of action, analyses of these potential cardiologic effects have attracted growing research interest. Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze available data on the cardiovascular system effects of venlafaxine, including its impact on blood pressure, cardiac electrical activity, arrhythmia risk, and potential interactions with cardiovascular medications. Material and methods. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on publications from the last ten years that addressed the effects of venlafaxine on hemodynamic, electrophysiological, metabolic parameters, and its interactions with other medications. Results. Meta-analyses and clinical studies suggest that venlafaxine may increase blood pressure. Most studies did not demonstrate clinically significant QTc prolongation or other conduction abnormalities, though isolated reports indicate possible individual susceptibility. The drug shows a low potential for clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions. Acute cardiac events related to venlafaxine are very rare. Conclusions. Venlafaxine is an effective and generally safe antidepressant in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac function is advised, particularly in elderly or multimorbid patients. Further prospective studies are needed to assess its long-term cardiovascular effects.