Integrated Land–Sea Spatial Planning for Disaster Risk Reduction in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

This research examines the potential of integrated land-sea spatial planning as a strategic approach to disaster risk reduction in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Specifically, it aims to 1) assess spatial overlaps between terrestrial-marine land-use patterns and hazard zones; 2) evaluate coastal typologies and their corresponding vulnerabilities; and 3) formulate sub-district-specific spatial planning recommendations to enhance regional resilience. A mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative spatial techniques and qualitative descriptive analysis. Disaster potential in coastal regions is examined through an integrated assessment of terrestrial disaster risks and marine-based Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) analyses. Terrestrial disaster susceptibility was assessed using the Regional Development Planning Agency (RDPA) 2021 disaster risk assessment, while coastal vulnerability was evaluated using CVI parameters and overlaid with terrestrial and marine spatial planning categories. The spatial analysis shows a strong convergence between high terrestrial disaster risk and land-use categories associated with intensive human modification, notably food crop agriculture (23,610.53 ha), plantations (19,718.99 ha), aquaculture, and urban and rural settlements. Protected areas such as mangrove ecosystems, wildlife reserves, and natural tourism parks are located in high-risk coastal belts, while parts of marine conservation reserve areas and capture fisheries areas fall within high and very high CVI classes. Land-rights (LR) overlays demonstrate that high tidal-flood risk coincides with Ownership Rights (OR) and unregistered parcels. Overall, the research demonstrates that sustainable coastal development in Tanah Laut Regency cannot be achieved by treating land and sea as separate planning arenas. Risk-sensitive, typology-based integration of terrestrial and marine spatial plans, supported by ecosystem-based zoning, mangrove restoration, relocation from high-risk zones, and strengthened marine conservation and fisheries management, is essential to enhance disaster resilience and long-term spatial sustainability in Tanah Laut Regency.