Gender Discrimination Against Women in Surgery Is Due to Implicit Bias Rather Than Quantifiable Differences in Clinical Performance

Gender discrimination is still prevalent in surgical disciplines as the second quarter of the 21st century begins. The authors have demonstrated that surgeons who are women are substantially more likely to be the victims, likely due to implicit gender bias. The surgical community must address this urgently, because impeding full participation by women creates the chance for undermining the expansion of the workforce needed for the next generations' surgical care.