Association between penile ischemia duration and complications after hypospadias repair in children

Intraoperative penile ischemia duration within the mid-range commonly applied in clinical practice was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative fistula or meatal stenosis following primary hypospadias repair. These findings support the safety of standard penile tourniquet use during routine surgical procedures. However, prospective studies with standardized documentation of ischemia duration are needed to establish evidence-based safety thresholds and to further clarify potential ischemia-reperfusion effects.