Cardiovascular risk equations in type 1 diabetes: from generic models to personalized prediction

Generic cardiovascular risk algorithms are inadequate for the T1D population. While specific equations represent a significant advancement toward accurate stratification, mathematical models alone may be insufficient. Moving toward precision medicine requires a combined approach that integrates validated T1D-specific risk calculators with subclinical atherosclerosis screening (e.g. carotid ultrasound, CAC scoring) and novel biomarkers. This synergistic strategy is essential to refine classification in the 'moderate risk' category and guide individualised cardioprotective interventions.