Defining Perceived Complexity in Automation Systems

Abstract The technological advancements in automation industries try to paint a picture of automation technologies being easy and effective despite the complexities involved in the system. Unlike objective complexity, which can be quantified through structural or process metrics, the development of technology introduces an additional layer of complexity that is sometimes abstract and difficult to understand. Hence, the concept of perceived complexity comes into picture. The objective of this paper is to conceptualize and analyze the human experience of complexity within manufacturing automation contexts. As industries continue to evolve toward higher levels of automation and digitalization, there is a growing need for solutions that can balance technological advancement with human comprehension and usability. One promising approach to address these challenges is smart and portable automation on demand, a paradigm that integrates mobility, intelligence, and flexibility to respond to dynamic manufacturing requirements. This concept is currently being advanced within the Mälardalen University Automation Research Center (MARC), which drives digitalization and automation research in close collaboration with industrial partners.