Advances in Thalamic Neuromodulation for Epilepsy: From Mechanisms to Clinical Translation

Thalamic neuromodulation has re-emerged as a central strategy for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, driven by advances in stereo-electroencephalography, network neuroscience, and signal processing. This perspective paper summarizes and integrates the key scientific, technical, and clinical insights presented during the American Epilepsy Society (AES) 2025-Epilepsy Surgery Symposium on <i>Advances in Thalamic Neuromodulation for Epilepsy: From Mechanisms of Action to Clinical Application</i>. Beyond a summary of the individual presentations, this manuscript reflects the collective opinions of the panel regarding current evidence, unresolved controversies, and future directions. An unifying theme emerged: effective thalamic neuromodulation requires a shift from empiric, one-size-fits-all targeting toward patient-specific, hodology-informed strategies grounded in in situ electrophysiology and network-level biomarkers.