“Congenital Muscular Pseudohypertrophy of the Upper Limb: Morphology, Anatomy and Surgical Guidelines of An Unique Entity”

This is one of the largest reported series of congenital muscular pseudohypertrophy of the upper limb. We developed a scoring system for severity and an accompanying algorithm to guide when to offer surgery for moderate or severe deformities. These new muscle morphologies may shed light on evolutionary developmental biology pathways, allowing their safe removal during surgery.Level of evidence: IV.