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This study investigates the ancient philosophical influences on Baruch Spinoza’s concept of God through a comparative analysis of Greek and Hellenistic traditions. Spinoza’s identification of God with Nature is frequently interpreted as a radical departure from earlier religious and philosophical frameworks. However, the extent to which his conception is rooted in ancient rational approaches to the divine has not been sufficiently examined. The central problem addressed in this study is whether Spinoza’s theory of God represents an entirely new philosophical innovation or a systematic reconfiguration of ancient metaphysical ideas. The study seeks to answer three principal questions: how God is conceptualized in ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy; what similarities and differences exist between these conceptions and Spinoza’s theory of God; and how notions such as rational order, necessity, immutability, and non-intervention are transformed within Spinoza’s metaphysics. The primary objectives are to identify ancient philosophical conceptions of God, to conduct a comparative analysis with Spinoza’s doctrine, and to evaluate the reconfiguration of ancient metaphysical principles within Spinoza’s substance monism. Methodologically, the research adopts a qualitative, theoretical, and comparative philosophical approach. Close textual analysis is applied to primary sources, including Xenophanes, Plato, Aristotle, Stoic and Epicurean writings, and Spinoza’s Ethics, supported by relevant secondary scholarship. The findings indicate that Spinoza’s conception of God integrates key elements from ancient philosophy—such as non-anthropomorphism, rational necessity, and immanence—while rejecting personal divinity, providence, and teleology. These elements are systematically unified within a single, necessary substance. The study concludes that Spinoza’s concept of God constitutes a critical synthesis of ancient rational theology reformulated within the framework of early modern metaphysics.