Greater trophic diversity of soil animal communities under agricultural land use and tropical climate

Soil fauna contributes to a wide range of ecosystem functions via their trophic activities. Here we investigate how trophic diversity of soil animals varies across functional groups and major biomes. We use stable isotope analysis (¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratios) of 17,306 samples of 28 high-rank taxa from 456 sites across 19 countries to inspect the variability in trophic diversity across climate regions and land-use types. Trophic diversity of soil animal communities is higher for microbial feeders than for detritivores and predators, in agricultural ecosystems compared with woodlands (+32%) and in tropical compared with temperate climates (+40%). Higher trophic diversity is related to more diverse basal resources and longer trophic chains, which could reflect greater niche partitioning in resource-limited environments. Our findings suggest that soil animals could broaden their trophic niches under agricultural land use and possibly in response to warming, but whether such foraging flexibility may offset the loss of trophic specialists remains to be investigated.