Pathogenicity of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Clonostachys rosea against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) under laboratory conditions

Native P. lilacinum and C. rosea display dose‑, stage‑, and time‑dependent pathogenicity and feeding suppression against S. frugiperda. These species are promising candidates for IPM; field validation and formulation optimization are the next steps.