Multiproxy analyses of multiple shallow firn cores from coastal Adélie Land

Abstract. Water stable isotope signals recorded in shallow firn cores are essential to constrain the variations of climate and atmospheric water cycle over the past decades to centuries. However, deposition and post-deposition effects add additional signal, often referred to as stratigraphic noise, to the isotopic signal. One way to reduce the local stratigraphic noise is to combine several firn cores at the same location. Here, we study the water isotopic composition and chemical records from 9 firn cores (20 to 40 m depth) drilled in 2016 at 3 sites (D47, Stop5 and Stop0) with high accumulation rates (∼ 200 mm w.e. yr−1) along a transect between the coast and the plateau in Adélie Land in Antarctica (100 to 385 km from the coastal station Dumont d'Urville). Each core covers at least the period from 1979 to 2016 and the high-resolution measurements permit to capture the seasonal variations in both chemical and isotopic records. At each site, similarities in the nssSO4 and δ18O variations between the different cores were used to combine the three isotopic records into a single stacked isotopic curve, thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. At two sites, we find a good agreement when comparing the water isotopic profiles recovered from the stacked records to those obtained as modeling output from virtual firn cores calculated using the two isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation models, ECHAM6-wiso and LMDZ6iso over the period 1979–2016 which supports the good performances of the two models for the Adélie Land region. At the very windy site of D47, building a coherent signal from the 3 individual cores is not possible because the isotopic and impurities signals are much more affected by stratigraphic noise. This study confirms that, even if the benefit of stacking is limited at very windy sites, combining several cores is of primary importance to faithfully reconstruct water isotope variability at one site. We also show that the stacked record permits to identify some strong climate signals recorded in the water isotope profiles.