β2-microglobulin amyloid deposition and the RAGE-related inflammation pathway in ligamentum flavum thickening among patients undergoing hemodialysis: a comparative cross-sectional study from Japan

LF in HD patients exhibits B2M amyloid and AGE accumulation with upregulation of RAGE-related inflammatory genes and proteins, especially on the dorsal side. LF hypertrophy in dialysis-related LSCS appears to represent an inflammatory-amyloid phenotype, indicating the AGE-B2M-RAGE pathway as a potential therapeutic target.