Hormone Therapy is Associated with Better Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Background: Alzheimer's disease is more prevalent among females.Estrogens influence brain metabolism and function, and low blood levels before, during, and after menopause may be associated with cognitive decline in later years.Here, we investigate the association between hormone therapy and reproductive lifespan with cognitive performance using a nationally representative sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Methods:This cross-sectional study included 1,374 eligible women older than 60 years from the NHANES database.The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) word learning subtest, Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were used to assess cognitive performance.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were employed to evaluate the association between hormone therapy, reproductive span, and cognitive performance.Restricted cubic spline curves were used to assess the relationship between age as a continuous variable and cognitive performance.Results: After adjusting for age, race, and educational level, hormonal therapy was significantly associated with word recall, digit symbol, and animal fluency cognitive performance (p < 0.05).The reproductive span was associated with word recall performance (p = 0.027) but not with digit symbol or animal fluency.The age-related cognitive decline is slowed down by hormone therapy with maximum effect between 65 and 70 years for all dimensions. Conclusion:There is a positive association between hormone therapy and cognitive performance in postmenopausal women, particularly in age groups with the steeper decline.In addition, there is no significant association between reproductive span and cognitive function.