Close to home: bundled consumption, relatedness, and urban resilience in Seoul

Abstract This study examines how bundled consumption, defined as repeated co-use of amenities within clusters, shapes urban resilience based on empirical evidence from Seoul between 2019 and 2023. Using credit card transactions and shop locations, we extend economic complexity methods to the demand side by constructing a relatedness-based measure of co-consumption. Results show that bundled use is concentrated near residences, especially within 0–2 km but weakened during COVID-19 before partially recovering in 2023. These patterns highlight how crises disrupt the infrastructural routines of everyday consumption. The findings provide a behavioural lens on urban resilience and inform planning for sustainable, proximity-based cities.