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The improvement of chemical-fiber durability has become a strategic task for the textile and polymer-processing sectors because synthetic and other man-made fibers now occupy a dominant place in the global fiber balance, while product competitiveness increasingly depends on tensile strength, abrasion resistance, dimensional stability, thermo-mechanical stability, and service life. Textile Exchange reports that virgin fossil-based synthetic fiber production rose from 67 million tonnes in 2022 to 75 million tonnes in 2023, and polyester alone accounted for 57% of total global fiber production in 2023. Against this background, Uzbek researchers have focused on yarn blending, structural optimization, thermofixation, finishing, and interface modification in order to raise the durability of chemical-fiber-based materials. This article presents a structured analytical study of the main approaches to increasing the durability of chemical fibers and fiber-containing textile systems on the basis of Uzbek scholarly works published in journals, conference proceedings, and academic editions. The study systematizes the effect of fiber composition, drawing and thermal stabilization, lubricant-finishing treatment, polyester incorporation into cotton yarn, polyester-polyurethane reinforcement in woven structures, and compatibilization in polypropylene-cellulose-basalt composites. Local studies show that the durability of chemical-fiber systems increases when molecular orientation is raised through drawing and thermal fixation, when the proportion of synthetic fiber in a blend is optimized rather than maximized, when fabric density is engineered in line with the end use, and when the interface between fiber and matrix is chemically strengthened.