Mitigating occupational hazards: the impact of physical activity on surgeons’ physical and mental health — a scoping review

Surgeons work in high-pressure, high-risk environments, which can lead to physical and mental health challenges. Physical activity (PA) has known benefits for health, stress reduction, and professional performance. However, despite these benefits, research on surgeons’ engagement in PA and its impact on their well-being is limited. Promoting PA is crucial for improving both their health and professional performance, as it can help reduce burnout and enhance job satisfaction, ultimately benefiting patient care. This scoping review aims to (1) map the existing literature on PA interventions or observational studies related to surgeons’ physical and mental health and (2) identify research gaps and future directions. A systematic search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNIK. Studies published in English and Chinese on surgeons’ physical and/or mental health concerning PA were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts for eligibility. Of the initial 7717 records screened, 19 studies were included. Data were extracted and synthesized according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. 19 studies were included, covering interventional studies, cross-sectional surveys, and qualitative research. Preliminary findings suggest that regular PA is associated with reduced stress, improved cardiovascular health, and better musculoskeletal outcomes in surgeons. However, heterogeneity in study designs and lack of standardized outcome measures limit definitive conclusions. The evidence indicates potential benefits of PA for surgeons’ physical and mental health, yet robust, high-quality studies remain scarce. Future research should focus on developing standardized interventions, consistent outcome measures, and larger sample sizes. Addressing barriers such as time constraints and workload is crucial for implementing PA programs in surgical practice.