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Aphids are among the most significant agricultural pests worldwide. Artificial diets are a critical foundation for aphid physiological and biochemical research and the development of pest control technology. However, their phloem sap-feeding habits, extraoral digestion characteristics, and host specificities pose numerous challenges to the development of artificial diets for aphids, including population degradation, reduced fecundity during long-term rearing, and a lack of methodological diversity in dietary formulation research. In this review, we summarize the research on artificial diets for aphids, encompassing the history of artificial rearing, rearing methods, and nutritional composition analysis of these diets. Furthermore, we discuss the optimization of diet formulations based on aphid digestive enzymes and symbiotic bacteria. We aim to synthesize successful developments of artificial diets for aphids and extend their application to diverse aphid species. Future development of artificial aphid diets should focus on matching the types and contents of nutritional elements with the digestive enzymes and gut microbes of aphids. It is necessary to develop specific artificial diets for targeted aphid populations rather than merely adopting successful formulations and experience with <i>Myzus persicae</i> or <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i>. In addition, automated and large-scale aphid rearing devices should be developed, and further research on population degradation during long-term aphid rearing is required to explore multifaceted solutions involving nutritional and environmental aspects.