Two-dimensional vanadium compounds inspiring emerging smart applications

Owing to the rich structural chemistry and unique electrochemical properties, vanadium-based materials especially the two-dimensional (2D) and layered ones are showing promising application in energy storage and conversion. Herein, in this invited critical review, 2D and layered vanadium-based materials (inclusive of vanadium-containing oxides, chalcogenides, MXenes, vanadium-doped 2D materials, etc.) and their emerging applications in optics/electronics-related fields, smart devices, energy storage and conversion (e.g., advanced rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis) are timely and systematically summarized. Future development trends, challenges, and perspectives are discussed. The mechanisms and new insights are also given for the development of advanced vanadium-based materials in high-performance energy storage and conversion and smart devices.