One-Year Longitudinal Effects of War on Mental Health and Sense of Betrayal: Roles of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity

Sociodemographic variables-younger age, female gender, and ethnic minority status-predicted sustained psychological distress and rising perceptions of betrayal with prolonged war exposure. These findings underscore the need for demographically tailored interventions that address persistent psychological distress and structural inequities in care access during prolonged conflict.