Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: From quantitative standards to predictive design

Abstract Surface topography is widely recognized as influential in orthopedic implant performance.Here we summarize advances in 2D to 3D areal surface characterization and discuss their functional relevance to metallic, ceramic, and polymeric biomaterials. We outline strengths and limitations of commonly used techniques and present selected examples that illustrate links between topography and biological/tribological responses. The review details how surface features affect biological processes (osteoblast adhesion, macrophage polarization, bacterial colonization) and mechanical phenomena (tribocorrosion, wear particle generation, lubrication regimes). Representative case studies illustrate the interplay between topography and clinical performance, especially in textured and coated surfaces. Finally, this review identifies the current metrological challenges and presents emerging trends-including timeresolved 4D metrology, AI-assisted interpretation, and digital twin frameworks-as strategic tools for predictive implant development. By bridging metrological precision with biological function and regulatory context, this article provides a comprehensive roadmap to guide the design, optimization, and validation of next-generation orthopedic implants.