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Polymers are gaining more attention due to a diverse range of applications. Crosslinking, co-polymerization, curing, mixing, and blending are various methods of polymer modification. However, the most effective and appealing method for enhancing the morphology, chemical composition, and physical properties of polymers is polymer grafting. Grafting permits modification of the parent structure, which enhances physicochemical properties, compatibility, thermal stability, multiphase response, flexibility, and reactivity of the parent polymer. Grafting includes the insertion of a functional group into the polymer backbone, grafting a sidechain to the polymer backbone, and combining one or more monomers on the polymer with or without an initiator by employing a variety of chemical, biological, and physical activators. The different technique employed in polymer grafting involves ionic grafting, radical generation using free radical polymerization (FRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), as well as physical methods like plasma irradiation, UV radiation, photochemical grafting, and biological methods like enzymatic grafting. Polymers functionalized using the grafting technique can be employed in various fields like pharmaceuticals, drug delivery applications, wastewater treatment, tissue engineering, diagnosis, the textile industry, biotechnology, and other fields.