In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition by<i> Avicennia marina</i> and <i>Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</i> Fruit Flour Extracts

Indonesia is rich in mangrove species, including Avicennia marina (brayo) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (lindur), whose fruits contain bioactive metabolites with potential anti-obesity activity. This study evaluated pancreatic lipase inhibition by brayo and lindur fruit flour extracts (raw and boiled) using in vitro and in silico approaches. Extracts were prepared by remaceration with 70% ethanol. Lipase inhibition was measured using a multimode microplate reader, while metabolites were identified by LC-HRMS and evaluated by molecular docking. Raw brayo showed the highest inhibition (84.29 ± 4.24%), followed by boiled brayo (83.01 ± 4.59%), raw lindur (75.24 ± 3.02%), and boiled lindur (73.88 ± 4.00%). Docking indicated strong binding of luteolin (−8.23 kcal/mol), 9-oxo-10(E),12(E)-octadecadienoic acid (−6.75 kcal/mol), and methyl eleostearate (−6.59 kcal/mol) to pancreatic lipase. These findings support mangrove fruit flour as a natural source of lipase inhibitors for obesity management.