Clean Energy and Health Expenditure in an African Setting: A Socioeconomic Analysis of Household Costs and Willingness to Pay

Expenditure differences by fuel type likely reflect underlying socioeconomic conditions and variations in healthcare access, rather than causal effects of fuel choice. The model-based cost-utility analysis suggests that clean cooking could be cost-saving or highly cost-effective under plausible assumptions. Policies that address affordability and supply constraints, alongside stronger longitudinal evidence, are needed to support equitable and sustained clean-cooking transitions in Nigeria and across sub-Saharan Africa.