Low Dust Mass and High Star Formation Efficiency at <i>z</i> &gt; 12 from Deep ALMA Observations

Abstract We investigate the dust mass buildup and star formation efficiency of two galaxies at z &gt; 12—GHZ2 and GS-z14-0—by combining Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and JWST observations with an analytical model that assumes dust at thermal equilibrium. We obtained 3 σ constraints on the dust mass of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">dust</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.0</mml:mn> </mml:math> and &lt;5.3, respectively. These constraints are in tension with a high dust condensation efficiency in stellar ejecta but are consistent with models with a short metal accretion timescale at z &gt; 12. Given the young stellar ages of these galaxies ( t age ∼ 10 Myr), dust grain growth via accretion may still be ineffective at this stage, though it likely works efficiently to produce significant dust in galaxies at z ∼ 7. The star formation efficiencies, defined as the star formation rate divided by the molecular gas mass, reach ∼10 Gyr −1 over a 10 Myr timescale, aligning with the expected redshift evolution of “starburst” galaxies with efficiencies that are ∼0.5–1 dex higher than those in main-sequence galaxies. This starburst phase seems to be common in UV-bright galaxies at z &gt; 12 and is likely associated with the unique conditions of the early phases of galaxy formation, such as bursty star formation. Direct observations of molecular gas tracers like [C ii ] will be crucial to further understanding the nature of bright galaxies at z &gt; 12.