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Please include a short paragraph setting the scene for example the context for the article, why the topic is important to the field, etc. Akwesasne Notes et al., Basic Call to Consciousness, [Rev. ed.] ([Akwesasne Notes] Native Voices, 2005). Originally published in 1978 and revised in 2005, Basic Call to Consciousness is a foundational text for Indigenous activism and Indigenous studies. The book highlights Haudenosaunee intellectual, spiritual, and political contributions to democracy, political theory, and international law. With contributions by John Mohawk (Seneca Nation), Faithkeeper Oren Lyons (Onondaga Nation Turtle Clan), and José Barreiro, the book is distinctive for centering Indigenous voices as theorists of sovereignty, democracy, and natural law rather than as objects of study. Its historic contribution lies in articulating Haudenosaunee self-determination as a living political reality grounded in the Great Law of Peace and collective responsibility to future generations. Notably, the volume contains one of the earliest and most sustained Indigenous analyses of the Doctrine of Discovery, tracing its roots to 15th-century papal bulls and exposing how this Christian legal fiction became embedded in international law to justify dispossession, racial hierarchy, and ongoing colonial domination. This analysis would later become central to Indigenous legal scholarship and global human rights discourse. Vine Deloria Jr., Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (University of Oklahoma Press, 1969). Vine Deloria Jr.'s Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969) is a powerful critique of U.S. history, law, churches, and government policy toward Native peoples, arguing that American history is essentially a long project of land theft justified by racism and Christian hegemony. Deloria Jr.'s framing of the Doctrine of Discovery in this book has been and continues to be foundation to activists and scholars. Lindsay G. Robertson, Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands (Oxford University Press, 2005). We find Lindsay G. Robertson's Conquest by Law to be illustrative for how the Doctrine of Discovery functions as a legal mechanism of conquest. Using the Johnson v. M'Intosh he highlights colonial domination becomes cloaked in the language of law. As a historian and legal scholar Robertson underscores the shaky legal foundation of the Doctrine of Discovery and raises alarm about its continued usage to justify the domination and dispossession of Indigenous peoples through U.S. law and policy. Tonya Gonnella Frichner, The Preliminary Study on the Doctrine of Discovery, UNPFII E/C.19/2010/13 (United Nations, 2010), Presented at the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Ninth Session, United Nations Economic and Social Council, New York, April 27, 2010, https://undocs.org/E/C.19/2010/13. This landmark study to was presented by the founder of the American Indian Law Alliance, Tonya Gonnella Frichner (Onondaga Nation, Snipe Clan), who has since joined the ancestors. She was assisted in the preparation of this report by Steven T. Newcomb. Together they laid the foundation and mapped the terrain for the study of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery and provided a roadmap for rescinding, repudiating, and dismantling the doctrine. Sadly, the recommendations of the preliminary report have yet to be picked up by the UN and member states; nevertheless, the Global Indigenous Women's Caucus and Global Indigenous People's Caucus, the American Indian Law Alliance, and other Indigenous caucuses and organizations have supported calls in recent years for the follow-up study to be conducted. Larissa Behrendt and Robert J. Miller, eds., Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies, (Oxford University Press, 2010). The edited volume Discovery Indigenous Lands highlights how the Doctrine of Christian Discovery is a foundational principle not only of domestic and international law. The volume provides cases studies from around the world but with careful attention to the United States, Canada, Australia, and Aotearoa (New Zealand). Steven T. Newcomb, Pagans in The Promised Land: Decoding The Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum Publishing and Chicago Review Press, 2008). Pagans in the Promised Land by Steven T. Newcomb remains the definitive text on how the Doctrine of Christian Discovery is not merely a historical artifact but also a living theological and jurisprudential framework that continues to structure U.S. federal Indian law, property law, and how settler colonial nation-states assert their sovereignty. Combining critical Indigenous studies and legal studies with cognitive theory, Newcomb demonstrates how the domination code/framework becomes naturalized not only through language but also through cognition. The ideological constructs of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery become so naturalized that they are often seen as secular legal doctrine, allowing a Christian domination narrative to persist under the guise of neutral precedent and constitutional order. Newcomb's work is foundational for anyone studying the Doctrine of Discovery because it decisively exposes its Euro-Christian theological roots and explains how those roots remain operative in contemporary law and policy. Peter d’Errico, Federal Anti-Indian Law: The Legal Entrapment of Indigenous Peoples (Praeger [ABC-CLIO], 2022). In Federal Anti-Indian Law (FAIL), Peter P. d’Errico argues that U.S. federal Indian law is not a coherent body of law but a systematic suspension of law that legitimizes domination and conquest through law and thinly veiled appeals to eurochristian theology. Drawing on close readings of foundational cases like Johnson v. M'Intosh, he demonstrates that much legal dogma is grounded in appeals to Euro-Christian theology, including plenary power, the guardian-ward relationship the United States attempts to enforce between itself and Indigenous nations, and, of course, the Doctrine of Christian Discovery. D'Errico reveals how FAIL, rather than protecting Indigenous peoples, functions as a legal entrapment: it undermines treaty relationships and creates instruments of control, thereby undermining Indigenous political systems and creating U.S.-managed administrative entities. He also highlights how tragically many of the repeatedly lauded as pro-Indigenous cases often undermine Indigenous Sovereignty and further entrench not only the Doctrine of Christian Discovery but also the guardian-ward relationship of domination. Indigenous Values Initiative, “Inter Caetera,” translated by Sebastian Modrow and Melissa Smith, Doctrine of Discovery Project (June 13, 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/inter-caetera/. Sebastian Modrow and Melissa Smith's updated interlinear translation of Inter Caetera is an important resource not only for scholars and researchers but also for teachers. We recommend working closely with this translation and having students work line by line alongside, to really understand the nuances of the theological and jurisprudential rationale of the 15th century papal bulls. Philip P. Arnold, The Urgency of Indigenous Values, Haudenosaunee and Indigenous Worlds (Syracuse University Press, 2023). Philip P. Arnold, in The Urgency of Indigenous Values, roots his work in the 1613 Two-Row Wampum treaty and illustrates how he and Sandra Bigtree (Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne) have used the treaty as a methodology for their life's work and their nonprofit, the Indigenous Values Initiative. Readers are encouraged to follow this example of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people working side by side to bring about healing between humans and the natural world by returning to Indigenous values such as reciprocity and living in right relationship with the natural world. The Urgency of Indigenous Values uses the Doctrine of Christian Discovery to explain why and how humans have arrived at the end of the Anthropocene. If the doctrine and its underlying framework of domination persist, our options for confronting climate change will remain constrained. Listening to and learning from Onondaga Nation Turtle Clan Faithkeeper Oren Lyons, Arnold invites readers to listen to Faithkeeper Lyons and come to terms with the reality of climate change and the urgent need to return to Indigenous values in order to confront this existential crisis. The Doctrine of Discovery Project—www.doctrineofdiscovery.org Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery Podcast—podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org Doctrine of Christian Discovery Podcast—https://goodfaithmedia.org/doctrine-of-christian-discovery/ Domination Chronicles Podcast—dominationchronicles.com The Doctrine of Discovery, Unmasking The Domination Code—https://vimeo.com/ondemand/dominationcode This landmark documentary, The Doctrine of Discovery: Unmasking the Domination Code, is the result of a collaboration between Dakota filmmaker and director Sheldon Wolfchild (Dakota) and co-producer Steven T. Newcomb (Shawnee/Lenape). Based on Newcomb's decades of research and his book Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum, 2008), the film examines how the Christian empire and U.S. law have used the “Doctrine of Discovery” to define Indigenous land rights as a mere “right of occupancy” subject to U.S. domination. The film is available for streaming, DVD purchase, and university site license purchase. There are numerous affordable streaming and site license options available. Arnold, Philip P., Adam DJ Brett, and Sebastian Modrow. “REL 500/600: The Religious Origins of White Supremacy: Johnson V. M'intosh and the Doctrine of Christian Discovery.” Unknown, August 9, 2024. https://doi.org/10.17613/smeh-wa22. Neighbors of the Onondaga Nation, Neighbor To Neighbor: Nation To Nation, [Rev. Ed.] (Syracuse Peace Council, 2014), https://peacecouncil.net/sites/default/files/NOON-booklet-web.pdf. American Indian Law Alliance, The Doctrine of Discovery (American Indian Law Alliance, 2022), https://aila.li/booklet. Please add five focus questions to help readers springboard into the wider subject matter. For example: In your own words, please explain what the Doctrine of Discovery is and where it comes from. Using the materials provided here, create your own genealogy of theological justifications for domination and explain your choices. Choose either the Canary Island papal bulls, Dum Diversas, 1492, or some other document or moment? As part of your response, discuss how religion and language shape the way we understand history. How does calling land “discovered” affect how we think about who belongs, who has rights, and whose stories matter? Include one example from a reading, podcast, or class discussion that helped clarify this issue for you. Compare and contrast how the Doctrine of Discovery is used in the United States with that of another country, such as Canada, Brazil, the Philippines, Australia, or Aotearoa (New Zealand). How did the 2005 United States Supreme Court case Sherrill v. Oneida use the Doctrine of Discovery? What surprises you about this decision? What has the response been to this decision within Indigenous, legal, and religious studies? After learning about the Doctrine of Discovery, how has your understanding of history and law changed or become more complicated? Identify one story, concept, or event you learned earlier (e.g., “discovery,” westward expansion, guardianship-ward relationship language, democracy, or property ownership) that now looks different to you. Explain what changed in your thinking and why. Examine the repudiation statements (doctrineofdiscovery.org/repudiations). Which religious groups have issued a statement? Which ones have not? Pick three religious groups and look up what the response has been to their repudiation statement. What can you find online about their process and how the statement came to be written? For religious groups that have not written or published a statement, what can you find about why they have not issued one? Does the religious group issue statements about other historical injustices? What are the policies? Recommended seminar activities include listening to selected episodes of podcasts, pairing them with primary sources, and having students closely read the papal bulls. This works especially well with Inter Caetera, where students can easily look up Latin terms online, compare and contrast Modrow and Smith with Davenport, consider the implications of the papal bull in its original context, and consider the challenges of translating the bull today. Another interesting seminar activity is to arrange and study the religious repudiation statements chronologically and geographically, considering what is included and excluded from the statements, how they are placed, and what, if any, resources they reference. If you are looking for a digital humanities-style activity, creating a timeline and/or a geographical map of these repudiations would be incredibly useful not only for the class but also for the work of the Doctrine of Discovery project. You can find a list of all the repudiations at doctrineofdiscovery.org/repudiations. The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article. For transparency, the peer review documents associated with this article are available at https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.70048.