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Efficient detection of organic pollutants is important for environmental monitoring, food safety and industrial pollution control. Although traditional organic pollutant detection instruments have high detection accuracy, the long detection period and high detection cost make it difficult to meet the demand of real-time monitoring. To address this problem, this study proposes an organic pollutant detection device based on STM32. The device uses fluorescence spectroscopy to detect its organic pollutants, taking benzene, toluene and xylene as the research objects, adopting the principle of spectral feature recognition, and through the combination of sensor design and chemical analysis experiments, designing a multi-channel water quality detection sensor suitable for quantitative detection of the three benzene species to achieve the specific identification of the target pollutants in the water body. Compared with the traditional single-spectrum detection method, the system has obvious advantages in terms of pollutant recognition rate, detection speed and portability. This study provides a new design idea for on-site real-time detection and environmental pollution monitoring, which has important practical application value.