Recent Advances in Pathogenicity and Biocontrol of Postharvest Penicillium Diseases

<i>Penicillium</i> species are major postharvest pathogens of fruits and vegetables, causing significant economic losses and posing serious threats to food safety through mycotoxin contamination. This review systematically summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms, metabolic diversity, and eco-friendly strategies of postharvest <i>Penicillium</i> pathogens. The application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has enabled precise functional analysis of pathogenicity-related genes (e.g., <i>PacC</i>, <i>PeStuA</i>) and regulatory elements involved in fungicide resistance (e.g., <i>FlbC</i>). RNA interference-based strategies, including host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), offer promising non-transgenic approaches for disease control. Additionally, artificial intelligence-assisted species identification and fermentation regulation have improved research efficiency. Future integration of multidisciplinary technologies will facilitate sustainable management of postharvest diseases.