Clinical significance of a possible route of transmission of <i>Candida</i> and <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> associations in gastroduodenal pathology

Fungal and bacterial interactions are widespread in the environment. Such intra-abdominal co-infections may lead to sepsis, potentially resulting in significant mortality. Interactions between invasive fungi (<i>Candida</i>) and pathogenic bacteria [<i>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)</i>] appear to be particularly relevant to human infection outcomes. Co-colonization by fungi and bacteria (coinfections) remains a pressing issue among patients with gastrointestinal pathology; however, the transmission routes and pathogenic mechanisms of these microbiome interactions are not yet fully understood. <i>Candida</i> species are known to support the growth of certain bacteria, and studies have observed a significant increase in the colony counts of these bacteria in the presence of fungi. As an opportunistic pathogen, <i>Candida</i>-in association with <i>H. pylori</i>-may contribute to dysbiosis of the oral microflora and other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, potentially facilitating disease progression. Therefore, understanding the interactions between fungi and bacteria is essential for improving early diagnosis and treatment efficacy. Synergistic effects have been identified in the development of resistance to antifungal and antibacterial therapies. Modern treatment strategies should consider focusing on methods to disrupt this synergy, as well as on preventative measures to limit the transmission of <i>Candida-Helicobacter</i> associations between individuals.