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Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious oral health concern with high prevalence and a low treatment rate in Laos. Few studies have focused on preschool children. This study aimed to explore oral health and influencing factors of childhood caries in pre-schools in Vientiane, the capital of Lao PDR. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries and oral health status in children ages 3-5 years old in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. This study aimed to assess the feeding practices, snack consumption, oral hygiene practices, and dental visits of children at this age. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The total number of children was 345 in eight pre-schools in Vientiane Capital. Data was collected by oral examination, and their caretakers were interviewed. Data analysis was carried out using a statistical package. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the oral health status. Result: The prevalence of dental caries was 93.3% with a mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft)±SD of 7.1±3.96. Missing teeth were (mt=0.05), and the mean filled teeth (ft) was only 0.32. The teeth most affected by dental caries were the upper right and left central incisors, followed by the upper right and left lateral incisors, lower molars, upper molars, upper canines, lower canines, and the least affected were the lower right and left lateral incisors. Factors that affected dmft were tooth brushing frequency, brushing with parental assistance or supervision, the age when brushing started, feeding patterns, and the type of milk, candy, and sweet consumption. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that dental caries prevalence among 3-5 years old children is very high, and oral hygiene is very poor. Further prevention programs and more education to promote better health for young children in Lao P.D.R. are needed.