DIGITAL INTEGRATION OF QARD HASAN WITH ZAKAT, WAQF AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SOCIAL WELFARE TRANSFORMATION IN MALAYSIA

Islamic social finance represents an interconnected ecosystem of redistributive and philanthropic instruments aimed at advancing social justice and collective welfare in line with Shariah principles. Within this ecosystem, Qard Hasan, Zakat, Waqf and Corporate Social Responsibility function as complementary mechanisms whose impact may be enhanced through strategic digital integration. In Malaysia, however, evidence on integrated digital Qard Hasan models remains fragmented and insufficiently synthesised. This study conducts a systematic literature review of studies published between 2000 and 2025 to examine the integration of digital Qard Hasan with Zakat, Waqf and Corporate Social Responsibility for social welfare transformation in Malaysia from a Maqasid Shariah perspective. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, twenty-nine studies were identified and analysed thematically, with risk of bias assessed using the ROBINS-I framework. The review identifies four dominant integration models, namely Waqf-based Qard Hasan financing, Zakat-funded Qard Hasan programmes for asnaf empowerment, CSR-supported Qard Hasan initiatives, and cross-sector collaborations involving Islamic financial institutions and state religious authorities. Digital innovations, including fintech platforms and data-driven systems, are found to enhance transparency, accessibility and operational efficiency, although challenges related to governance capacity, digital literacy and sustainability persist. Overall, the findings suggest that digitally integrated Qard Hasan models aligned with Maqasid Shariah principles can strengthen financial inclusion, poverty alleviation and community empowerment in Malaysia, while underscoring the need for more rigorous impact evaluation and scalable governance frameworks.