What makes people choose e-scooters for the first or last mile of a public transport trip?

Shared e-scooters have been introduced in many cities since 2019, with the potential to solve first/last mile challenges in public transport (PT). However, Norwegian data shows a decline in e-scooter trips combined with PT over time, and such combined trips remain limited overall. Research indicates that the relationship between PT and shared e-scooters is complex and context-dependent. This study explores factors influencing the integration of e-scooter use with PT, aiming to identify measures that can promote such combined usage. We draw on three years of annual survey data from 6458 unique Norwegian e-scooter users, examining how and why they use e-scooters with PT, and what might encourage more integration. We analyse the issue through the lens of Generalised Cost (GC), considering how fare, physical, and information integration impact users. The findings indicate that fare integration is the most influential factor for increasing combined usage, as supported both by user responses and GC modelling. On a seven-point Likert-scale, fare integration scores one or more points higher than other measures. While physical and information integration matter, they are less impactful. Implementing fare integration, however, raises the question of how revenue losses are shared between PT providers and e-scooter companies.