Integrative metabolomics using untargeted UHPLC-MS/MS and chemometrics identifies optimal maturity stage of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> leaves from Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

This study found that maturity stage influences the phytochemistry and bioactivities of <i>M. oleifera</i> leaf. Chemometrics integration of metabolomics analysis with bioassays shows that maturity stages drive distinct metabolite clustering and bioactivities, with day-60 yielding the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH/FRAP), while day-30 exhibits the strongest AChE inhibition, thereby, defining maturity-specific optimal harvests.