Studies and Applications of Multi-Sensory Integration Abnormalities and Neuroplasticity in PPPD

Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a vestibular dysfunction disorder characterized by chronic non-rotatory dizziness, postural instability, and excessive sensitivity to complex visual environments. Its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Recent studies have shown that PPPD patients have enhanced visual dependence, abnormal vestibular and proprioceptive senses, leading to multimodal perceptual conflicts and forming a vicious cycle of "visual-anxiety-symptom aggravation". At the same time, the structural and functional plasticity of the brain regions in patients is disordered, further solidifying the abnormal perceptual patterns. This review sorts out the related research on the abnormal multisensory integration and neural plasticity changes of PPPD, aiming to reveal its important role in the chronicity of the disease and its precise treatment, with the expectation that in the future, through interdisciplinary research, the dynamic interaction relationship will be revealed, and based on neural plasticity, multi-level and individualized treatment strategies will be developed.