Infrastructure Transitions Through Nature-Based Solutions: Aligning Perceptions

We argue that mainstreaming Nature-based Solutions (NbS) requires alignment of diverse value systems and integrated, cross-sectoral collaboration, and we present the necessary conditions for increasing practical implementation. NbS are increasingly recognised as effective strategies to protect critical infrastructures against climate change impacts while enhancing them by delivering ecological, social, and economic benefits. Despite growing policy support, the integration of NbS into mainstream infrastructure planning remains limited due to siloed responsibilities and decision making, entrenched institutional structures that favour grey infrastructure, and challenges in balancing short-term risks with long-term value. We examine if and how NbS mainstreaming in the infrastructure sector could be enabled. Building on insights into infrastructure governance and innovation mainstreaming, we explore perceptions and engagement with NbS and opportunities for strengthening co-governance and collaborative decision making in the Dutch infrastructure domain. A critical insight is that NbS must be understood as part of a broader socio-ecological–technical system rather than isolated interventions. This results in requirements for more integrated approaches to governance and planning as well as assessment. Asset managers in particular could play a pivotal role by adopting holistic performance assessments that consider co-benefits and trade-offs.