<scp>3D</scp> Gaussian Splatting vs. <scp>2D</scp> Photogrammetry and Direct Anthropometry for Facial Measurements

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) may offer a useful alternative workflow for selected facial analysis applications by enabling the generation of measurable three-dimensional facial models, from which anthropometric variables can subsequently be derived. Although 2D photogrammetry is readily accessible and practical to implement, its inherent limitation in representing three-dimensional anatomy may compromise measurement accuracy in certain clinical contexts. Overall, these findings indicate that 3DGS could support orthodontic practice and research as a 3D model-generation technique; however, further validation across diverse patient groups, acquisition conditions, expanded landmark-based geometric error metrics, and additional outcome measures is warranted before routine clinical adoption can be recommended.