4-Hydroxybutyrate (4HB) released from poly-4-hydroxybutyrate scaffolds does not impact hallmark phenotypes of cancer in malignant or non-malignant breast cells

Abstract Background Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) scaffolds are increasingly used to reinforce soft tissue during implant-based reconstruction after mastectomy. P4HB undergoes hydrolytic degradation to a natural metabolite, 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB). Understanding the direct effects of 4HB on cancer cells is essential for assessing the oncologic safety of P4HB scaffolds used in breast reconstruction surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate (Na4HB) on multiple, relevant human breast cancer and epithelial cell types using a panel of well-established in vitro assays aligned with several hallmarks of cancer. Methods First, the clinically relevant tissue concentration of 4HB was determined via a rabbit model to quantify 4HB in the peri-implant tissue of P4HB scaffolds. Second, human breast cell types, including non-malignant HMEC and MCF-10A, and cancerous MCF-7, BT-474 and MDA-MB-231, were exposed to Na4HB at up to 10X the clinically relevant tissue concentration. Cells were then evaluated for cancer related phenotypes: metabolic activity (MTT assay), proliferation (BrdU assay), migration (Scratch and Transwell assays), and colony formation (soft agar assays). Specific inhibitory control compounds for each assay were included to confirm assay performance. Results The average peri-implant concentration of 4HB was found to be 163 µM after a simulated 1-year implantation in a rabbit model. Across the five assays and all three Na4HB concentrations, ranging from below to over 10X the peri-implant level (70, 350, 1750 µM), there was no statistically significant increase in any cancer-related phenotype including metabolic activity, proliferation, migration and colony formation in either malignant or non-malignant cell types compared to controls treated with either the PBS vehicle or sodium acetate as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p > 0.05). Conclusions This comprehensive, in vitro evaluation suggests that 4HB does not modify growth or activity of malignant or non-malignant breast cells at concentrations up to 10X the peri-implant level. While these findings suggest that 4HB released from degrading P4HB Scaffolds is unlikely to promote oncogenic behavior in vitro, further co-culture systems, in vivo studies and long-term clinical data can be used to further assess the oncologic safety in breast reconstruction.