Guidelines on modelling and simulation

This deliverable provides practical guidance on modelling and simulation approaches for integrating large thermal energy storage (LTES) into district heating systems, with a focus on the early “opportunity phase” of project development. It highlights how dynamic simulation supports the evaluation of different system configurations, operational strategies, and scenarios, enabling more accurate performance assessment compared to traditional static design methods. The document demonstrates how modelling results contribute to techno-economic and environmental analyses, helping to estimate key performance indicators (KPIs), reduce risks, and support decision-making when identifying the most promising LTES integration concepts.