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Emergency groundwater supply is crucial for maintaining regional stability and supporting the livelihoods of both urban and rural populations during disaster events. Given the variety of natural disasters in China and the existing deficiencies in rapid water source detection, this paper focuses on developing advanced groundwater surveying technologies and decision support systems to expedite post-disaster water restoration. We propose a Space-Aerial-Ground (SAG) integrated technology framework that synergizes multi-source remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and geophysical prospecting. By incorporating multiple data sources, including RS, geological, and hydrological datasets, a rapid assessment model targeting groundwater potential was created through multi-criteria decision analysis. Coupled with a targeted approach combining unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) reconnaissance and geophysical profiling, this allows for precisely identifying groundwater storage spaces and strategically placing emergency wells in disaster-affected areas. To facilitate its operation, a software platform called the Intelligent Survey and Rapid Analysis System of Groundwater Sources (GISRAS), featuring analytical positioning and field adaptability, was engineered with modular capabilities. Extensive testing of this framework and technical suite across a range of typical disaster scenarios has produced promising results in terms of reliability and performance. This research provides a validated, rapid, and accurate solution for groundwater exploration under extreme conditions, significantly enhancing China’s emergency water supply capabilities.