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In the context of modern geopolitical instability and increasing competition for Arctic resources, ensuring the economic security of the northern and Arctic regions of the Russian Federation is of strategic importance for strengthening the country’s defense capability and protecting its national interests. This research is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of the factors determining the dynamics of the gross regional product as a key indicator of sustainable growth and competitiveness of the economy, as well as the level of economic security of the northern and Arctic territories of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify the main problems hindering the sustainable development of the region and to develop scientifically based recommendations aimed at increasing the effectiveness of government support measures and strengthening the economic potential of the region. The research used methods of system and statistical data analysis, as well as expert assessments. An assessment of the effectiveness of existing government support measures was carried out and key factors influencing the economic security of the region were identified. Promising areas for increasing the economic potential of the northern and Arctic territories were identified, including the development of innovative industries, modernization of production and social infrastructure, intensification of entrepreneurial activity, increasing the level of development of entrepreneurial structures and creating conditions for the use of alternative sources of financing entrepreneurship. Based on the results obtained, recommendations have been developed to improve the assessment of the effectiveness of state support measures, and elements of a regional economic security program have been proposed, adapted to the specific conditions and challenges facing northern and Arctic territories. The results obtained can be used by government authorities in developing additional regional measures aimed at stimulating GRP growth and strengthening the economic security of northern and Arctic territories. The materials of the article can also be used in further scientific research devoted to studying the role of the state, development institutions and business in ensuring the economic security of the region.