Mechanistic advances in microbial nanobiotechnology and their applications in sustainable agriculture, environment and biomedicine

Microbial nanobiotechnology represents a groundbreaking convergence of microbiology and nanotechnology offering sustainable and innovative solutions across diverse fields. This review explores the emerging trends in microbial nanobiotechnology with a focus on tools, applications, and challenges. Microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and algae possess exceptional ability to biosynthesize nanoparticles through environmentally benign and cost-effective biochemical pathways. These biogenic nanoparticles, characterized by their controlled size, shape, and functional properties have demonstrated potential in biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery, imaging, and antimicrobial treatments. Furthermore, microbial nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in environmental remediation contributing to wastewater treatment and pollution control as well as in industrial applications such as agriculture and energy production. The review highlights the integration of advanced tools like genetic engineering, synthetic biology, which have revolutionized nanoparticle synthesis and characterization. However, significant challenges remain including scalability, biosafety, regulatory concerns, and ethical implications. Addressing these barriers is crucial for advancing microbial nanobiotechnology from research to commercial applications. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review aims to serve as a resource for researchers and practitioners offering insights into the future directions and multidisciplinary collaborations necessary for the growth of field. Microbial nanobiotechnology stands poised to address global challenges in health, environment, and industry marking a new frontier in science and technology.