Life cycle costing of innovative laser-based weed control technology

Precision agriculture, a key driver in the future development of agriculture, offers numerous ecological, social, and economic benefits, including innovative solutions for weed control – a major factor affecting farm yields. Traditional weed control methods, such as chemical and mechanical weeding, face limitations due to environmental impacts. Autonomous weed control technologies using high-power lasers represent a promising technical solution, yet their practical implementation raises societal challenges regarding cost distribution among farmers, producers, and society. A case study employing the life cycle costing (LCC) method on a high-power thulium laser weeder provides insight into these technologies’ future. This study includes an environmental LCC analysis to assess the devices’ practical application and their environmental and economic performance. The results show that the external environmental costs are minimal compared to substantial internal costs, primarily from energy use (e.g. diesel), and account for 4–5% of total costs. However, these costs could be reduced or further internalised through policy measures to promote renewable energy and technical innovation in agriculture. The cost structure is influenced by the machinery designs and application scenarios, whereby the acquisition and fuel costs are decisive. The sensitivity analysis highlighted that weed density is crucial for estimating operating costs. Finally, laser-based methods could be considered as part of Integrated Weed Management (IWM), which can maximise weed control performance when used strategically. Optimal conditions for efficient WeLASER utilisation exist in well-managed fields with low weed density. Additionally, integrating WeLASER with other tools, such as mechanical weed removal systems for rows and inter-rows, could enhance its versatility and cost-effectiveness.