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The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the architectural and structural characteristics of the Central Department Store building located in the city of Kharkiv, which is recognized as an architectural heritage site of local significance. The building represents an important example of early twentieth-century commercial architecture and reflects the socio-economic and urban development processes that shaped Kharkiv during that period. Particular attention is given to the historical stages of the building’s design and construction, including its original conception, subsequent transformations, and functional adaptations, which collectively demonstrate its lasting importance within the urban and cultural context of the city. The study examines the spatial planning structure of the building, including the organization of trading halls, circulation systems, and auxiliary premises, as well as the compositional principles of the facades. The analysis highlights the structural scheme based on a reinforced concrete frame system, which enabled large-span interiors and flexible planning solutions typical of department stores of that era. Architectural features such as the rhythmic articulation of facades, geometric forms, restrained decorative elements, and extensive glazing are considered in relation to the principles of constructivism, which influenced the building’s stylistic character and determined its rational yet expressive appearance. Special attention is devoted to the building’s role within the historical urban fabric of central Kharkiv, where it contributes to the spatial organization and visual identity of the surrounding area. The research also explores the relationship between architectural form and engineering solutions, demonstrating how structural innovations supported both aesthetic expression and commercial functionality. The article emphasizes the importance of studying architectural heritage in the context of contemporary preservation practices. The analysis is based on archival documents, historical publications, bibliographic sources, and on-site visual inspections, with particular focus on assessing the technical condition of load-bearing elements, floor systems, and facade components under present-day operational and environmental influences. The aim of the study is to analyze the original design solutions and identify the stylistic characteristics that allowed the building to be harmoniously integrated into the historical urban environment. The findings may serve as a theoretical and practical foundation for restoration strategies, adaptive reuse projects, and the sustainable preservation of historically valuable buildings.