Afterword: Nothing Without Us

People with disabilities experience stark inequities across the spectrum of development priorities. Yet they are rarely prioritised by development programmes. The poor evidence base for ‘what works’ for disability-inclusive development is a major challenge to taking action and advancing the meaningful inclusion of people with disabilities. The Programme for Evidence to Inform Disability Action (PENDA) was established to undertake high-quality impact evaluations to assess whether holistic approaches to disability-inclusive development improve the participation of people with disabilities in key areas of society (health, livelihoods, education). Through PENDA, 13 evaluations were implemented across 13 low-and middle-income countries. Impact evaluations are predominantly through the gold standard approach of randomised controlled trials. Each trial has a complementary mixed-methods process evaluation to better understand the findings and their implications. The article reflects on key considerations for undertaking impact evaluations of disability-inclusive development interventions, illustrated from the PENDA trials, and learnings to advance this research agenda.